Development of Eco-Friendly Rice Farming

Development of Eco-Friendly sift FarmingGlobally, cultivation has been considered as one of the major sources of glassho part acceleratores (GHG) (Chauhan et al., 2006 IPCC, 2007). In terms of anthropogenic GHG emissions, agriculture accounted 14%, which contri thoes 47% CH4 and 84% N2O emissions (IPCC, 2007 US-EPA, 2006). Rice is staple food in many countries and too an important part of the diet for a monolithic portion of the cognition bases human population (Maraseni et al., 2009 Smith et al., 2008). Further more(prenominal), the worlds annual sift production mustiness be increase from 518 million net tons in 1990 to 760 million tons in 2020 (International Rice Research Institute, 1989) to feed the growing population. The result effectiveness of sift largely depends upon the proper precaution of fertilizer and irrigation peeing, and husbandmans atomic number 18 apply them extensively for increasing yields which incur cost and likewise has adverse effect on global temper. The cultivation of paddy sieve contributes toward the emissions of the most important green home plate gases (GHGs) responsible for global warming viz CO2, CH4 and N2O (Jacobson, 2005 Allen et al., 2009 Bhattacharyya et al., 2009).Mitigation of GHG emission from rearing organizations is the menses hot issue and extensive interrogation works are sack on doneout the world for come uping eco-friendly as well as cost-effective technologies to mitigate the emission of methane and sepa vagabond GHG from sieve plains (Zschornack et al., 2011 Harada et al., 2007). unlike mechanisms for mitigating methane emissions have been proposed by the researchers including fertilizer use, proper peeing cookment and fixation magnitude of constituent(a) amendment dominate to enhance yield potential of strain, as well as reduce CH4 mixes (Jane et al., 2007 Liou et al., 2003).Incorporation of sift residue into the tarnish is safe eco-friendly practice and it gradually imp roves soil total carbon, phosphorus and super acid contents (Prasad et al., 1999) but it leads to increase methane emission due to flooding during sieve growing duration (Summer et al., 2003 Pathak, and Wassmann, 2007). The mechanisms behind CH4 emission thought to be considered as creating anaerobic condition that favor more emission (IPCC, 2006 Hardy, 2003 Wang et al., 2000 Yao et al., 1999).On the other hand, draining the wetlands during the rice growing season for once or some(prenominal) clocks, known as sporadic drainage or alternate wet and drying (AWD) signifi placetly lower CH4 emissions (Smith Conen, 2004 Yan et al., 2003). Continuous flood irrigation emits higher(prenominal) CH4 than intermittent irrigation (Towprayoon et al., 2005, Nagroho et al., 1994 Minamikawa and N. Sakai, 2006.) which tends to tear down near zero emission during drainage period but increase immediately after re-flooding. A single drainage reduces emissions by 40% (Yan et al., 2005, 2009 ) and found from a culture in Orissa is that methane emissions of 16, 19, 27 and 36kg ha-1 per season from alternately fill, continuously fill, alternately flooded with 2t wheat and continuously flooded with 2t straw, fields loveively (Adhya et al., 2000). Although straw addition increased the methane emissions but when feature with alternate irrigations systems, ultimate emissions was less than continuous flooding. Studies reported that AWD serve as mitigation potential of GHG by 35% accompanied and reduced rice yield 7%. So, short period drainage during rice flower stage considered as compromise of decreasing GHG emissions and excessively compensate the yield penalty (Towprayoon et al., 2005 Ma et al., 2011 Maraseni et al., 2007). Improved water wariness can drop methane emissions by avoiding waterlogging and keeping the soil as dry as list-at-able (Xu et al., 2003 Cai et al., 2003 Kang et al., 2002) and adjusting entire material addition time (e.g. incorporating ing rained residue in the dry period instead of flooded periods Cai Xu, 2004 Xu et al., 2000), composting the residues before incorporation (Wang Shangguan, 1996 Wassmann et al., 2000). Therefore, the kin among organic amendment and intermittent drainage systems should be investigated in club mob to find the best compromise for CH4 emission without affecting the yield potential. ecumenic 80% of rice is grown in developing countries in general by the smallbearer farmers in low income groups (Hardy, 2003). Therefore, motivation of small holders famers from handed-down rice cultivation towards organic farming leave alone reduce the GHG emission. As the traditional practices applied higher fertilizer, pesticide, water and others input which tends to release more GHG to the atmosphere. firearm the organic farming solely relies on organic amendment, discards chemic fertilizer and same the time builds up the soil organic field status. The farming practices would be low GHG farming and also mode indifferent (Niggli et al., 2009).Mitigation options for GHG emissions as stated by Smith et al. (2007) and Bellarby et al. (2008) and claim that some(prenominal) farmers and policymakers provide face challenges from the GHG-related changes wishinged in agriculture. The main f fakers restrict farmers for adapting climate smart rice farming embarrasss small-scale information broadcast around climate change and less activity by agricultural reference work service high cost of farm inputs, limited irrigation facilities, labour and income constraints and presidential term negligence towards risk management against climate change, (Ozor et al., 2010). Therefore, identification of innovative perplex farmer groups and adoption of climate smart rice farming proficiencys need to be explored. temper change modification is an expensive practices and the cost mostly revealed via the necessity of intensive labor use. Thereby farmers always faced occupation due to unava ilability and higher cost of farm labor. But farmer only needs time to learn about in the altogether techniques, once when they gain experience and become familiar to adapt the processes, labour exigency go out be less. Another aspect, as the most of small holder rice farmers are pro-poor, thats why insufficient money liquidness hinders farmers to have access for necessary technologies and resources need for facilitating climate change adaptation strategy (Mishra and Salokhe, 2011. Hence, farmer cannot adapt the low GHG mitigation practices if they dont have sufficient family labor or sufficient fund to contract the labor (Ozor et al., 2010). Thereby, financial alimentation from governance take is crucial to get the hang barriers of the topical anesthetic farmers in the form of subsidy.Electronic information technology is use to collect, process and analyze multisource data for conclusiveness-making (Sonka, Bauer and Cherry, 1997). Different extension regularityologies can be utilise for the dissemination of information on climate articulate rice farming by diffusion of innovation (Oladele, 2013). Smart phone apps and web- ground decision- aid tools has certain for providing stakeholders with ready access to data-intensive research results necessary for on-farm management by farmers and strategic decision-making by policymakers (Kruger et al., 2011). As for example- mobile or online access of IRRI knowledge bank, communicate drama in Nigeria (World Bank, 2012), community radio such as Climate Radio in Ghana, Krishi Radio and television programs in Bangladesh (ELDIS, 2013), cyber village pop the question in Mannila, Philippines etc are recently applied technologies to reach the climate sound and site specific food management at farm aim (Oladele, 2013).Developing climate smart farming practices necessitate decision support from society to adopt at farm level. This approach depends upon decision criteria based on water management (wet and dry system) and addition of organic amendments. constituent(a) muck incorporation is easier but for water management, farmers have to control the level and number of irrigation in the rice field, which whitethorn make it difficulties to follows. Low GHG emissions practices also involved hidden cost that is difficult to articulate in monetary term. At the beginning, farmer has to overcome the unexpected losses through trials and break as the processes are more detailed and complicated. At the same time, knowledge and skill needed by farmers to invest capital and time with regards to grasp success. The irrigation system in a particular area is based on a community or a group decision, which direction that an soul farmer, who applies a different irrigating pattern will affect working register of the community or the group (Arayaphong, 2012). Existing electronic decision support system should be improved including above mentioned climate smart technique to adopt thrivingly at farm level. Smallholders innovative pretense farmers groups should need to motivate and address them about climate smart rice farming with less input and higher income by building linkage among extension officers, research institutes and recently highly-developed electronic information devices for thriving implementation at grass root level. Although low GHG rice farming practices are indispensable to cope up global warming and also need proper implementation at the farmer level, but little research work has through with(p) focusing decision support system and integration of climate sound information into the electronic data base. Therefore, the proposed subject area will be carried out to fulfill the following objectives5. METHODOLOGYThis plane section will be addressed the above mentioned questions step by steps. examine I GHG mitigation potential of water management, when utilizing complex organic manures in rice farmingAs we already know that rice field contributes a real amou nt of GHG especially CH4. The emissions strongly correlative with the shrewdness of water table and also type of organic manure used as well as their timing of applications.In this experiment I will apply various types of organic manures such as compost, rice straw and green manure at different rates (6 ton/ha and 12 ton/ha). Rice straw and green manure will be chopped properly into small pieces before applying into the fields. by and by that the application of organic manures in the fields will be done at different times such as before rice transplanting, at tillering stage and at flowering stage. Lastly the comparison will be drawn between the continuously flooded and intermittently flooded fields in terms of GHGs commix from these experimental plots.Measurements of methane emissionMethane flux from the rice field plots will be monitored whole crop cycle. Emitted CH4 will be sampled by using the manual closed chamber technique (Datta et al., 2009 Rolston, 1986). To make the sy stem airtight Plexiglas chambers (50 cm _ 40 cm _ 100 cm) will fix on the aluminum channels, inserted 10 cm inwardly the soil with the channels filled with water. The air inside the chamber will be mixed by a stamp battery operated fan to get a homogenous composition (Ghosh et al., 2003). Methane concentration will be measured by flame ionization detection (FID) gas chromatography (Ramakrishnan et al., 1995).From the experiment we will be able to know which water management and organic matter application approach will provide concluding GHG emission from the rice farming and qualified time for incorporation of organic complex will be found from this experimental set up. taste II Investigation of GHG mitigations approaches in a series of farm types and military rank of their mitigation potentialThe main ambition of this experiment is to draw data from different farming system and what are the driving forces for GHG mitigation potential that could be included in a decision suppo rt system. I will use the lowest GHG emission technique that will come up from the first experiment. The practices will be applied in a series of farm types to quantify and compare costs, benefits, expected profits and risks between the conventional and organic farming with intermittent drainage by using CBA basis and Monte Carlo simulation. According to Broadman, et al. (2006), a few steps are taken in a CBA specifying alternatives or scenarios of the project, identifying key players (who will be affected by the project), collecting, and measuring costs and benefits. To begin with standings identification, a farmer is the main actor who is affected directly from rice production through a profit and production cost. The second actor is the environs because personality and ecological system are shocked by toxicity and ontogenesis of resources from rice production. Lastly, a society is regarded as third actor because an adjoin on a farmer and the environment also affects the societ y.Comparative epitome among different farm types will be done in respect to cost and benefits in terms of water, labor and nutrient efficiency and impact on yield and productivity. Finally, the society will make decision to consider farming typology based on higher farmers profit and lower environment damage. A structured set of questionnaire will be sent to the local farmers mentioning the constraints facing during cultivating low GHG emission rice practices in their own farm. sample III Improvement of electronic decision support systems including elements of water use efficiency, organic fertilizers and greenhouse gas emissionsThis experiment will focus on the exploring the driving factors of different system and potential of implementing GHG mitigation practices. This should also include aspects of farmer awareness and priorities as well as knowledge systems, preeminent towards the decision support tool aspects. The data base will generate from experiment II about nutrient use efficiency of organic manure, low green house gas mitigation potential, irrigation scheduling for intermittent drainage from different farm types will be incorporated in the existing electronic information systems. by and by that a series of experiment will be conducted for farmer awareness rising on environmental impacts of farming.There are few electronic information system has been developed by IRRI for transferring updated news to the small holder farmers. In Philippines, NMRiceMobile (Nutrient Manager for RiceMobile) has provided the rice growing farmers and also the extension workers with free guidelines for fertilizer application by using mobile phones which has been widely used by local farmers since 2011. by text messages (SMS), they can receive information on the amount, right time and the kind of fertilizer should be applied to maximize production and income from their rice cultivation. Method demonstration, result demonstration and field day will be conducted at the farm to inspire the farmers in a community.Statistical digestCollected will be analyzed to compare the mean variation by using DMRT as outlined by Gomez and Gomez, (1984). analysis of strain will be performed using the Proc Mixed procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS Inst., 1999).6. RISK AND ETHICS OF PROPOSED RESEARCHThe main aspect of this study is to propagate the climate smart rice farming to the farmers. Glass house experiments will be carried out to know the best combination of organic matter use and water application along with timing of organic complex incorporation. Methane and nitrous oxide flux need to be measured carefully. After that transfer of this knowledge to the farm community and their acceptance will may be one of the constraint. As the farmers in a particular region cultivate rice by following their own traditional system, so motivate them to the new techniques arise the questions of acceptance. Generally local communities decide the irrigation syst em in a particular place. Therefore, new irrigation practices like alternate wetting or drying or intermittent drainage might interrupt the common irrigation scheduling. This may create new conflicts among local farmers.Intermittent irrigation is difficult to manage especially for a farmer, who is lack of water resource accessibility. These production processes requires more time and labour use than conventional system. Time and labour constrains can be overcome by proficient management. Water control is also a serious constraint because the process is complicated and detailed, which is not suitable for a farmer who has difficulty in water resource accessibility. Besides, a farmer needs to be trained and educated about new innovative method, which is also a constraint and cost for a farmer as well.Further interesting point is risk-preference of a local farmer. As mentioned in the introduction, an agricultural yield gain depends on an uncontrollable factor, which means that a farmer has to take responsibility of riskiness by him- or herself. Therefore, risk analysis is also an important factor in decision making. Although climate smart rice technique will generates economic and sustainable benefits to a farmers household, but an investment in the technology is higher than the normal system. Variations in labour cost and interest rate are the main constraint obstructing a farmer to change water harvesting pattern. Therefore, government or policy maker should facilitate the deferred payment system for farmers motivation.Inclusion of climate sound rice farming tactic into the electronic decision support might be another barriers. Sometime there is knowledge gap between research station and farmers level, so if the farmer not aware about this practice, successful implementation would be impossible.The main outcome of this study is to develop climate smart rice farming strategy. Rice cultivation responsible for significant GHGs emissions to the atmosphere and cont ributes greatly for global warming. On the other hand, fertilizer causes higher production costs which in turn emit CH4 and N2O after applying to the fields. While the use of organic manure build the soil nutrient pussy and also reduce the dependency on fertilizer purchase but also contribute to a extent CH4 and N2O emission. Their emission strongly correlated with water management. Therefore, sound water management technique will be found from this experimental study. Various studies has already been conducted on rice straw incorporation in continuous flooding system and methane emission flux but intermittent drainage practices during the rice growth stages largely unheeded in these study. Mechanism for methane emission from the flooded condition due to radioactive decay of organic matter enhances methanogenesis process by creating anaerobic conditions. Therefore, intermittent drainage can stop these processes as aerobic condition will develop by draining the excess water from t he field for while.The main actor in this study is the small holder farmers. Newly developed method will need societal acceptance to adopt at farm level. Therefore, cost benefit analysis will be done to push them which techniques will provide higher return by utilizing limited resources of fertilizers and water use.Finally this newly innovative technique should be integrated in the existing electronic decision support system including the information of nutrient use efficiency of organic manure and low green house gas emission practices. This information base will help to pass on the climate sound rice farming practices to the end users. Rice farmers must upgrade and well equip themselves with the scientific principles of rice paddy ecosystems management by applying sound rice cultivation techniques.