'Organic Farming Business Proposal\r'

'PB B A S E M E S T E R V I original FARMING design GROUP 6 Iftekhar Ansari, Mujtaba Yameen, Priyamvada Panicker, Akbote Shiva, Vikas D, Jayadev B BBA • Semester VI • Group VI• thoroughgoing body politic B B A S E M E S T E R V I BBA • Semester VI • Group VI• radical earth radical agribusiness Introduction constitutional gardening is the mildew of tillage that relies on techniques a lot(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as straddle whirling, jet manure, compost and biological lad make. complete gardening mastercedures fertilizers and pesticides but excludes or strictly contrasts the work of manufactured ( synthetical) fertilizers, pesticides (which take herbicides, de statusine lo engrossicides and kingdom Fungicides), plant g course of tryth regulators much(prenominal) as hormones, livestock antibiotics, provender additives, genetic totlyy modi? d organisms, human sewage sludge, and nanomaterials extreme verd ant methods argon internation on the wholey regulated and lawfully en forcefulnessd by galore(postnominal) nations, establish in large part on the standards set by the International union of extreme furorure Movements (IFOAM), an international comprehensive organization for constitutive(a) do work organizations accomplished in 1972. IFOAM de? nes the overarching goal of thorough tillage as: â€Å" original floriculture is a intersection system of rules that sustains the health of tarnishs, ecosystems and people.It relies on ecological wreakes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, sort of than the drop of inputs with adverse effectuate. primitive grocery store-gardening combines tradition, innovation and science to bene? t the overlap environment and promote fair relationships and a neat quality of life for all involved… ” â€International Federation of original close Movements Since 1990, the commercialise for ingrained products has expectant from nonhing, reaching $55 billion in 2009 correspond to ingrained Monitor (www. essentialmonitor. com).This bespeak has driven a similar gain in nativeally maked raise fetch which has grown over the past ten-spot at a compounding rate of 8. 9% per annum. [5] Approximately 37,000,000 hect ars (91,000,000 acres) worldwide ar at formerly farmed extremeally, representing approximately 0. 9 sh be of total world farm cut down (2009) History perfect dry land (of many an(prenominal) particular kinds) was the lord type of agriculture, and has been practiced for thousands of days. Forest gardening, a fully complete pabulum production system which dates from prehistoric periods, is thought to be the worlds oldest and virtually resilient agroecosystem.After the industrial trans kneadation had introduced in total methods, some of which were non well(p) true and had serious side effects, an positive presence began in the mid-1920s in tel ephone exchange europium by means of the work of Rudolf Steiner, who cr cour seminal fluid biodynamic agriculture, an un durationly version of native agriculture. complete agriculture was independently substantial in the forties England by the work of Albert Howard as a reaction to agricultures growing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Arti? ial fertilizers had been created during the 18th century, initially with super orthophosphates and consequently ammonia- base fertilizers mass- received use the Haber-Bosch process positive during World War I. These early fertilizers were cheap, powerful, and halcyon to transport in bulk. Similar advances occurred in chemical pesticides in the 1940s, cart tracking to the decade world referred to as the ‘pesticide era. Although extreme fertilizer tillage is prehistoric in the widest sense, Sir Albert Howard is widely considered to be the â€Å"father of positive land” in the sense that he was a chance on builder of the post-industrial-revolution total movement.Further work was make by J. I. Rodale in the united States, chick Eve Balfour in the United Kingdom, and many former(a)s across the world. The ? rst lectures and publications on ingrained agriculture stem from Rudolf Steiner, however, whose Lectures on culture were print in 1925. The modern total movement is a revival movement in the sense that it seeks to restore balance that was addled when technology grew rapidly in the nineteenth and 20th centuries. Modern natural tillage has made up yieldd a fraction of total plain produce from its beginning until today.Increasing environmental aw atomic number 18ness in the general population has transformed the earlier supply-driven movement to a demand-driven one. Premium p strains and some government subsidies attracted farmers. In the maturation world, many G r o u p V I! thoroughgoing estate 1 producers farm according to traditional methods which ar comparable to ex treme fertilizer culture but are non certi? ed. In different grammatical cases, farmers in the develop world rush converted for frugal reasons Methods Soil oversight Plants pauperism normality, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as micro foods and symbiotic relationships with fungi and different organisms to ? urish, but belongting overflowing nitrogen, and curiously synchronization so that plants get enough nitrogen at the upright time (when plants expect it most), is likely the sterling(prenominal) challenge for complete farmers. Crop gyration and green manure (â€Å" whirligig plumes”) support to provide nitrogen through and through legumes (to a greater termination precisely, the legume family family) which ? x nitrogen from the atmosphere through symbiosis with rhizobial bacterium. Inter exploitping, which is sometimes utilize for insect and disease control, underside as well increase imperfection nutrients, but the competition among the legu me and the crop throw out be problematic and wider spacing amidst crop rows is take awayd.Crop resi delinquents send word be ploughed covering into the modify, and different plants leave different centers of nitrogen, potentially aiding synchronization. primitive farmers in addition habit savage manure, real processed fertilizers such as seed meal and various mineral powders such as rock phosphate and greensand, a pictorially occurring form of potassium hydroxide which provides potassium. Together these methods help to control corrosion. In some cases pH whitethorn need to be amended. Natural pH amendments let in lime and sulfur, but in the U. S. ome compounds such as iron sulfate, aluminum sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and soluble boron products are allowed in oganic farming. Mixed farms with both livestock and crops raft operate as ley farms, whereby the land gathers birth rate through growing nitrogen-? xing forage grasses such as white clover or alfalfa and grows cash crops or cereals when fullness is established. Farms without livestock (â€Å"stock slight”) whitethorn ? nd it lots dif? cult to maintain fertility, and may hope much than on away inputs such as trade manure as well as grain legumes and green manures, although grain legumes may ? circumscribed nitrogen because they are harvested. Horticultural farms growing fruits and vegetables which operate in protected conditions are a great deal even to a greater goal reliant upon external inputs. Biological interrogation on grease and soil organisms has proven bene? cial to perfect farming. Varieties of bacterium and fungi break master chemicals, plant theme and animal waste into fruitful soil nutrients. In turn, they produce bene? ts of healthy restorations and much productive soil for afterlife crops. Fields with less or no manure display signi? antly dismantle affords, delinquent to decreased soil microbe community, providing a healthier, to a great er extent arable soil system Weed management entire the skinny management promotes mourning illegalised suppression, rather than tummy elimination, by enhancing crop competition and phyto cyanogenetic effects on widows widows weeds. thorough farmers integrate cultural, biological, mechanical, forcible and chemical tactics to manage weeds without synthetic herbicides. entire standards require rotation of annual crops, meaning that a sensation crop cannot be grown in the same location without a different, intervene crop. original crop rotations frequently imply weed-suppressive cover crops and crops with dissimilar life cycles to discourage weeds associated with a particular crop. complete farmers ex operate to increase soil organic matter content, which can support microorganisms that destroy coarse weed seeds. Other cultural practices utilize to enhance crop competitiveness and cut back weed pressure intromit excerption of competitive crop varieties, high-density lay, tight row spacing, and late planting into warm soil to encourage rapid crop germination.Mechanical and fleshly weed control practices used on organic farms can be to a greater extent lots than not grouped as: Tillage †bend the soil between crops to incorporate crop resi receivables and soil amendments; remove existing weed reaping and prepare a seedbed for planting; G r o u p V I! fundamental farm 2 Cultivation †pitiful the soil after seeding; Mowing and cutting †Removing top maturation of weeds; Flame weeding and thermal weeding †Using ignite to kill weeds; and Mulching †Blocking weed emergence with organic materials, plastic ? lms, or landscape fabric. almost course sourced chemicals are allowed for herbicidal use.These include sure formulations of acetic acid (concentrated vinegar), feed gluten meal, and native oils. A few selective bioherbicides based on fungal pathogens acquit as well as been developed. At this time, however, organ ic herbicides and bioherbicides play a minor role in the organic weed control toolbox. Weeds can be controlled by grazing. For example, geese strike been used successfully to weed a pluck of organic crops including cotton, st bareberries, tobacco, and corn, reviving the practice of charge cotton patch geese, common in the southern U.S. before the 1950s. Similarly, some rice farmers introduce ducks and ? sh to wet paddy ? elds to eat both weeds and insects. Controlling separate organisms Organisms aside from weeds that cause problems on organic farms include arthropods (e. g. , insects, mites), nematodes, fungi and bacteria. native farmers use a wide present of Integrated gadfly Management practices to frustrate pests and diseases. These include, but are not limited to, crop rotation and nutrient management; sanitation to remove pest home ground; provision of habitat for bene? ial organisms; selection of pest-resistant crops and animals; crop protection exploitation physica l barriers, such as row covers; and crop diversi? cation through companion planting or creation of polycultures. radical farmers often depend on biological pest control, the use of bene? cial organisms to tighten up pest populations. Examples of bene? cial insects include minute brigand bugs, big-eyed bugs, and to a lesser extent ladybugs (which tend to ? y away), all of which eat a wide range of pests. Lacewings are too effective, but tend to ? y away. Praying mantid tend to move more than behind and eat less heavily.Parasitoid wasps tend to be effective for their selected prey, but like all minor insects can be less effective outdoors because the wind controls their movement. predacious mites are effective for controlling other mites. When these practices are insuf? cient to prevent or control pests an organic farmer may guard a pesticide. With some exceptions, naturally occurring pesticides are allowed for use on organic farms, and synthetic substances are prohibited. P esticides with different modes of action should be rotated to minimize development of pesticide resistance.Naturally derived insecticides allowed for use on organic farms use include Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacterial toxin), pyrethrum (a chrysanthemum extract), spinosad (a bacterial metabolite), neem (a tree extract) and rotenone (a legume informant extract). These are sometimes called green pesticides because they are generally, but not necessarily, safer and more environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides. Rotenone and pyrethrum are particularly controversial because they work by attacking the nervous system, like most formulaic insecticides.Fewer than 10% of organic farmers use these pesticides regularly; one survey found that only 5. 3% of vegetable growers in calcium use rotenone while 1. 7% use pyrethrum (Lotter 2003:26). Naturally derived fungicides allowed for use on organic farms include the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus; and the fungus Trichod erma harzianum. These are mainly effective for diseases affecting roots. Agricultural explore Service scientists have found that caprylic acid, a naturally occurring fatty acid in milk and coconuts, as well as G r o u p V I! fundamental agribusiness 3 other natural plant extracts have antimicrobial characteristics that can help. compost tea contains a prance of bene? cial microbes, which may attack or out-compete certain plant pathogens, but vari king among formulations and zeal methods may contribute to in lucid results or even dangerous reaping of toxic microbes in compost teas. Some naturally derived pesticides are not allowed for use on organic farms. These include nicotine sulfate, arsenic, and strychnine. Synthetic pesticides allowed for use on organic arms include insecticidal soaps and horticultural oils for insect management; and Bordeaux mixture, cop hydroxide and sodium bi nose candyate for managing fungi. ancestral modi? cation A key characteristic of organic farm ing is the rejection of genetically engineered plants and animals. On October 19, 1998, participants at IFOAMs 12th Scienti? c Conference issued the featherbed del Plata Declaration, where more than 600 delegates from over 60 countries voted unanimously to exclude the use of genetically modi? ed organisms in forage production and agriculture.Although enemy to the use of any transgenic technologies in organic farming is strong, clownish queryers Luis Herrera-Estrella and Ariel Alvarez-Morales continue to direction integration of transgenic technologies into organic farming as the optimal means to sustainable agriculture, particularly in the developing world. [32] Similarly, some organic farmers question the rationale behind the ban on the use of genetically engineered seed because they view this kind of biotechnology consistent with organic principles. Although GMOs are excluded from organic farming, on that point is concern that the pollen from genetically modi? d crops is c hange magnitudely penetrating organic and heirloom seed stocks, qualification it dif? cult, if not impossible, to keep these genomes from entering the organic food supply. International trade restrictions limit the availability GMOs to certain countries. The hazards that genetic modi? cation could suffer to the environment are hotly contest Economics The economics of organic farming, a sub? eld of coarse economics, encompasses the inbuilt process and effects of organic farming in terms of human society, including mixer hails, opportunity costs, unintended consequences, information asymmetries, and economies of scale.Although the sphere of economics is broad, untaught economics tends to rivet on maximizing yields and ef? ciency at the farm level. Economics takes an anthropocentric approach to the apprize of the natural world: biodiversity, for example, is considered bene? cial only to the extent that it is valued by people and increases pro? ts. Some entities such as the Eu ropean Union subsidize organic farming, in large part because these countries want to depict for the externalities of reduced water use, reduced water contamination, reduced soil erosion, reduced carbon emissions, increased biodiversity, and assorted other bene? s that result from organic farming. Traditional organic farming is crunch and noesis- intense whereas formal farming is capital-intensive, requiring more energy and manufactured inputs. total farmers in California have cited market as their greatest obstacle. G r o u p V I! thorough res publica 4 Geographic producer distribution The markets for organic products are strongest in North the States and Europe, which as of 2001 are estimated to have $6 and $8 billion respectively of the $20 billion global market (Lotter 2003:6).As of 2007 Australasia has 39% of the total organic farmland, including Australias 1,180,000 hectares (2,900,000 acres) but 97 percent of this land is sprawling rangeland (2007:35). US gross reve nue enhancement are 20x as much. (2003). Europe farms 23 percent of global organic farmland (6. 9 meg hectares), followed by Latin America with 19 percent (5. 8 one million million million hectares). Asia has 9. 5 percent while North America has 7. 2 percent. Africa has 3 percent. Besides Australia, the countries with the most organic farmland are Argentina (3. 1 million hectares), China (2. 3 million hectares), and the United States (1. million hectares). Much of Argentinas organic farmland is pasture, like that of Australia (2007). Italy, Spain, Germany, brazil (the worlds largest farming(a) exporter), Uruguay, and the UK follow the United States in the amount of organic land (2007). Growth fundamental farmland by world persona (2000-2008) As of 2001, the estimated market value of certi? ed organic products was estimated to be $20 billion. By 2002 this was $23 billion and by 2007 more than $46 billion. In upstart years both Europe (2007: 7. 8 million hectares, European Un ion: 7. 2 million hectares) and North America (2007: 2. million hectares) have experienced strong growth in organic farmland. In the EU it grew by 21% in the period 2005 to 2008. However, this growth has occurred under different conditions. While the European Union has shifted agricultural subsidies to organic farmers ascribable to perceived environmental bene? ts, the United States has not, proceed to subsidize some but not all traditional commercial crops, such as corn and sugar. As a result of this policy difference, as of 2008 4. 1% G r o u p V I! native Farming 5 percent of European Union farmland was organically managed compared to the 0. 6 percent in the U. S.IFOAMs most recent edition of The World of total factory farm: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2009 lists the countries which had the most hectares in 2007. The landed estate with the most organic land is Australia with more than 12 million hectares, followed by Argentina, Brazil and the US. In total 32. 2 million he ctares were under organic management in 2007. For 1999 11 million hectares of organically managed land are reported. As organic farming becomes a major commercial force in agriculture, it is likely to gain increasing impact on national agricultural policies and confront some of the scaling challenges approach by conventional agriculture.Productivity and pro? tability conglomerate studies ? nd that versus conventional agriculture, organic crops yielded 91%, or 95-100%, along with 50% lower expenditure on fertilizer and energy, and 97% less pesticides, or 100% for corn and soybean, overwhelming less energy and vigour pesticides. The results were attributed to lower yields in comely and good years but high yields during drouth years. A 2007 field of operations compiling research from 293 different comparisons into a single study to assess the overall ef? ciency of the two agricultural systems has concluded that … rganic methods could produce enough food on a global per capi ta rear end to sustain the current human population, and potentially an even larger population, without increasing the agricultural land base. (from the abstract) Converted organic farms have lower pre-harvest yields than their conventional counterparts in developed countries (92%) but high than their low-intensity counterparts in developing countries (132%). This is due to relatively lower bankers acceptance of fertilizers and pesticides in the developing world compared to the intensive farming of the developed world. G r o u p V I! constituent(a) Farming thorough farms withstand severe weather conditions reveal than conventional farms, sometimes yielding 70-90% more than conventional farms during droughts. Organic farms are more pro? table in the desiccant states of the United States, likely due to their surpassing drought performance. Organic farms survive hurricane injury much better, retaining 20 to 40% more topsoil and smaller economic losses at highly signi? cant l evels than their neighbors. black eye to widespread belief, organic farming can build up soil organic matter better than conventional no-till farming, which suggests long-run yield bene? s from organic farming. [56] An 18-year study of organic methods on nutrientdepleted soil, concluded that conventional methods were superior for soil fertility and yield in a cold-temperate climate, arguing that much of the bene? ts from organic farming are derived from imported materials which could not be regarded as â€Å" independent”. Pro? tability The decreased cost of synthetic fertilizer and pesticide inputs, along with the higher(prenominal) equipment casualtys that consumers accept for organic produce, contribute to increased pro? ts. Organic farms have been consistently found to be as or more pro? table than conventional farms.Without the price premium, pro? tability is mixed. Organic production was more pro? table in Wisconsin, presumptuousness price premiums. Sustainability (African case) In 2008 the United Nations environmental Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) stated that â€Å"organic agriculture can be more conducive to food security in Africa than most conventional production systems, and that it is more likely to be sustainable in the long-term”[60] and that â€Å"yields had more than doubled where organic, or near-organic practices had been used” and that soil fertility and drought resistance improved.Employment impact Organic methods often require more labor than traditional farming, therefore it provides rural jobs. G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 7 Sales and marketing Most sales are concentrated in developed nations. These products are what economists call credence goods in that they rely on uncertain certi? cation. concern in organic products dropped between 2006 and 2008, and 42% of Americans polled dont trust organic produce. 69% of Americans declare to occasionally buy or ganic products, down from 73% in 2005.One theory was that consumers were substitute â€Å"local” produce for â€Å"organic” produce. Distributors In the United States, 75% of organic farms are smaller than 2. 5 hectares. In California 2% of the farms account for over half(a) of sales. (Lotter 2003) Small farms join together in conjunctives such as Organic Valley, Inc. to market their goods more effectively. Most small cooperative distributors have merged or were acquired by large multinationals such as frequent Mills, Heinz, ConAgra, Kellogg, and others. In 1982 there were 28 consumer cooperative distributors, but as of 2007 only 3 remained.This consolidation has raised concerns among consumers and journalists of potential contrivance and degradation in standards. Most interchange their organic products through subsidiaries, under other labels. Organic foods excessively can be a niche in developing nations. It would provide more money and a better opportunity to compete internationally with the huge distributors. Organic prices are much more stable than conventional foods, and the small farms can tranquil compete and have similar prices with the much larger farms that commonly take all of the pro? ts. Farmers markets scathe premiums are important for the pro? ability of small organic farmers. Farmers selling straightaway to consumers at farmers markets have continued to touch these higher returns. In the United States the add up of farmers markets tripled from 1,755 in 1994 to 5,274 in 2009 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 8 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 9 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 10 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 11 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 12 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 13 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 14 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 15 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 16 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 17SWOT ANALYSIS OF INDIAN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE (DOMESTIC AND EXPORT MARKET) Organic farming is one such part of agricu lture sector which is unexploited yet. The projects strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are discussed infra: STRENGTHS: Export of organic produce from India is on the rise With organic farming, comes greater nutritionary value and better taste at that place is increased awareness for healthy food in the present generation The fruition of the harmful effects of pesticides and presence of their residues is ascend The international and national certi? ation bodies in the hoidenish that are fashioning it easier for the farmers to acknowledge their produce as â€Å"organic” With increased demand, substitution and State political sympathiess are providing more land at cheaper rates for Organic Agriculture The Government is to a fault providing higher subsidies tax income holidays are given a higher priority and are existence given to the farmers who produce organics Organic produce creation a premium product, pro? ratios get out be towards the higher end d ue to the higher prices Sustainability over the long term thither is an enhanced soil structure and water in? ltration Reduces non-renewable energy use by decreasing agrochemical needs (these require high quantities of fossil fuel to be produced by reducing carbon levels in the soil) OA promotes biodiversity at all levels of production epoch of the edibility is longer G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 18 Drought resistive in nature A major strength is that the only technology OA needs is more of the SUNWEAKNESSES: wishing of awareness is the major downside of Organic Agriculture Not only among the customers but to a fault among the farmers Most farmers have small holdings forest consciousness is low amongst them Lack of marketing skills (mainly due to the disjoint between the agricultural sector and its domestic market not to mention the international market) The market for organics is not consumer-based, but supply oriented There is lower productivity due to the mono-cultured far ming Fields may become matte due to the lack or inorganic additives Industrialized agriculture (if a mutation to organic agriculture takes place) exploits the land to an extent where the soil loses its fertility Sowing of seeds is time consuming since direct drilling of seeds (as done in the traditional form of agriculture) increases risk of soil being lost to wind and erosion There is no usage of genetically modi? ed seeds Another major drawback is the time required for the interaction and the observation between the farmer and his crop A exigency for OA is using skilled labor, which is hard to ? nd Finding the speci? c seeds are not only time consuming, but also more expensive Being more supply oriented, it requires a larger work force to look after it G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 19 OPPORTUNITIES: With the ever growing society and miserliness in the country and in the world, the growth potential for Organic Agriculture is massive As of 2001, the estimated market value of c erti? ed organic products was estimated to be $20 billion.By 2002 this was $23 billion and by 2007 more than $46 billion and still showing a positive trend Along with the market value, the total farmland assigned for OA is also increasing massively The government is also starting to believe in this form of farming, hence give its consent for long practice throughout the country The Indian Competence Centre of Organic Agriculture (ICCOA) is a promising initiative towards OA and serves as a platform for various activities cerebrate to its market development With the continuous growth of the sector, it will be providing a Brobdingnagian number of job opportunities OA helps in qualification people less reliant on generically modi? ed food and moves them towards healthier living The market for organic fertilizers and other organic materials is also growing and making it easier for the farmers to get hold of all the supplies they need G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 20 THREATS: Dishon esty among the suppliers of the raw materials required, i. e products offered with declarations such as â€Å"without pesticides”, â€Å"organic” etc.Unavailability of actual organic materials such as seeds, fertilizers and more High costs of being a premium product may prevent success in the market Hesitation for purchase by customers due to lack of awareness Land may be to contaminated or may not be convertible for organic agriculture Training unskilled labor may be tougher than expected Although governments are cooperating for organic farming, some state governments still believe this method is unproductive and may not give the required permissions and grants Lives of organic farmers are being made dif? cult by large food conglomerates as they want the consumers to focus only on their products Unpredictable Climatic Factors G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 21 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 22 G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 23 G r o u p V I! 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Organic Farming 49 APPENDIX Excerpts from our interview with Mr.Samad Patel, Assistant Director, The Department of Agriculture, Gulbarga, Karnataka M: How is the Government h elping in Organic Farming? S: Organic missions are being formed by the governement to promote organic farming amongst the farming community. 1: Organic Village: It is one of the schemes which promotes organic farming in a hundred acre celestial sphere in a village per delay on a pilot basis, thereby other farmers can learn how to do organic farming. 2: Giving bounty to bio-degradable, vermi-compost units through Agricultural & Horticultural Department, intentness & Commerce. 3: Establishing organic farming research centers at agricultural universities.M: What are the fertilizers allowed in organic farming? S: 1: Farm Yard mire 2: City Compost 3: Vermi-Compost 4: Enriched Compost 5: Green Manure M: What is the method of growing the plants in organic farming? S: 1: Sowing the seed with recommended dose of naturally occurring organic fertilizer G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 50 2: Irrigation of the sowed area 3: Seed gets germinated in 1-2 weeks 4: Process of Weeding 5: Harvesting, once the plant is ready 6: ploughing the ? eld for the next crop M: What are the risks involved with Organic Farming? S: 1: In case of organic farms, there is low yield in the ? rst few years. 2: Pest and Disease management is dif? ult 3: Our soils are addicted to fertilizers and take time to revert back to organic standards 4: It is a very laborious process 5: Organic manure are to be produced by the farms, which is also a lengthy and expensive process 6: Seeds are not easily accessible 7: High prices may lead to low sales M: Is organic food more nutritious than conventional food? S: Yes, organic food has more nutritional value and also has better taste. Reason being that it is produced in its natural method. M: What does â€Å"certi? ed organic” mean? What is the certi? cation process? S: In western countries as well as in India, Organic produce is purchased on basis of the certi? cation by various agencies such as the ICCOA. After completion of the initial thr ee years of production, the farmer must enroll for the certi? cation. The agency then monitors G r o u p V I!Organic Farming 51 the day-to-day cultivation activities and soil testing, the said agency will certify the farm as â€Å"organic”. M: Why does Organic cost more? S: It costs more, because the cost of cultivation is higher although the yield obtained is low. The demand is higher when compared to the supply. Also, it is pesticide and fertilizer free and has a higher nutritional value, steering it towards being a healthier alternative. M: Is there a national standard for Organic Farming? S: No M: How do farmers fertilize crops and control pests, diseases and weeds? S: Organic farmers fertilize crops by using farmyard manure, vermi-compost, green manure etc. : They manage pests by manual collection of pests 2: Botanical extracts 3: Neem embrocate 4: Neem Cake 5: By following integrated pest management methods Diseases are managed by: 1: Manual Roughing 2: By using Botan ical extracts G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 52 3: Some plants have naturally occurring antifungal properties Weeds are managed by: 1: Summer Ploughing 2: Intercultivation 3: Hand Weeding M: What subsidies does the government provide for organic farmers? S: 1: Vermi-compost per farmer †Rs. 6000 †Rs. 30000 (depending on the size of the farm) 2: Biogas Unit †Rs. 60000 aid 3: City Compost: Distributed at 50% gift 4: Green Compost: Sold at 50% aid 5: Biodigester: Subsidy of Rs. 0000 (Biodigesters convert organic wastes into a nutrient rich liquid fertilizer and biogas, a renewable source of electrical and heat energy) Irrigation Subsidy Operations & Maintenance subsidy + 6 per cent interest on cumulative Irrigation investments Operations & Maintenance subsidy + 1 per cent interest on cumulative irrigation investments Power Subsidy G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 53 Difference between mean(a) cost of production per unit and the amount revenue realized per un it cipher by agricultural power wasting disease as estimated by APTRANSCO Difference between the cost to serve agriculture and average revenue realisation per unit cypher by agricultural power intake as estimated by APTRANSCODifference between the cost to serve agriculture and average revenue realised per unit multiplied by power consumption as estimated by AP Farmers Federation G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 54 excuse We would like to thank our Entrepreneurship Development faculty, Mrs. Radhika, for giving us the opportunity to create a project report such as this, which was a widely informative and knowledge building exercise. We also worked in tandem bicycle with Mr. Samad Patel, Assistant Director of The Department of Agriculture, Gulbarga, Karnataka, throughout our research. He guided us through our dif? culties and gave us essential information that we requisite to complete our analysis. G r o u p V I! Organic Farming 55\r\n'